(translation © Helen Shiner January 2004)
INTRODUCTION
1. The history of media art: state and competence of research
2. Positioning of current project: visual criticism and cultural criticism
3. Structure and contents
I. MEDIA ART: CATEGORY DEFINITIONS
1. “Installation”
2. “Performance”
3. “Input”/”Output”
4. “Feedback”
5. “Immediacy”
6. “Interface”
7. “Interaction”
8. General terminological pairings
a) “Art” and “Medium”
Excursus: “Simulation” and “Metaphor”
b) “Representation” and “Presentation”
c) “Analogue” and “Digital”
II. CLOSED CIRCUIT VIDEO INSTALLATION: A GEO-HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Towards a Definition: an overview
Suggestion for a Definition
On Structure and Groupings
1. The first decade (1966 – 1976)
a) <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States of America</st1:place></st1:country-region>
Introduction
Disparate beginnings: Levine, E.A.T., Kaprow
The first performances by body-art and performance artists in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">California</st1:place></st1:state>: Nauman, Sonnier, Acconci, Jonas, Sharp
“Video artists” and collectives in and around <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>: Paik, Ryan, Gillette, Schneider, Kraynik, “Raindance“, “Videofreex“, “People’s Video Theater, Cort, Carter,
“Electron Movers“
The “forgotten” women: S. Clarke, “TP Videospace Troupe“, Milano, Volkes, W. Clarke, “Red, White, Yellow, and Black“, Lucier
Two indicative “case studies” : Ono, Inastasi
Individual contributions: Campus, Byrne, Robbett, Conrad, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Davis</st1:place></st1:city>, Graham, Krueger, Viola, Froese, S. Vasulka
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Snow, Goldberg, Chartier, “Pulsar Group“, Heyden, “General Idea“, White
Latin Americans: <st1:city w:st="on">Downey</st1:city>, Minujin, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lublin</st1:place></st1:city>, “Grupo dos Treze“/“cayc“, Benedit, Glusberg, Zabala, «Frontera»
b) <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>
<st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>: Polieri, Raysse, <st1:place w:st="on">Forest</st1:place>
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Belgium</st1:country-region> and the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Netherlands</st1:place></st1:country-region> : Nyst, Ben, Vandeloise, Pineau, Boezem, Schweizer, Lizène, Heyrman (Dr. Hugo), “Video Heads“
Austria and Germany: Weibel, EXPORT, Kriesche, Skerbisch, Schilling, Bechtold, Pezold, Vostell, Kahlen, Gerz, Groh, Breloh, Böhmler, Ortlieb, Rosenbach
Switzerland, Italy and Spain: Otth, Minkoff, Olesen, Bauermeister, Franco Angeli, Franco Vaccari, J. & O. D. Benet, Muntadas, Torres
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Great Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Hopkins/TVX Group, Breakwell, Barnard, Da. Hall, Leggett, Hoey, Partridge, Hiller, Lijn
<st1:place w:st="on">Scandinavia</st1:place>: Sørensen, Sjolander/Wikstrom
<st1:place w:st="on">Eastern Europe</st1:place>: Bruszewski, Kwiek, Mikolajczyk, Wasko, Robakowski, Trbuljak, Ivekovic, Martinis
c) The Pacific (<st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region>): Yamaguchi, Nakaya, Kawanaka, “Video Hiroba“, Tezuka/“<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Video</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Information</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Center</st1:placetype></st1:place>”, Yamamoto, Iimura
2. The second decade (1977 – 1989)
a) <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States of America</st1:place></st1:country-region>
On the Art of Telecommunication: the pioneers: <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bartlett</st1:place></st1:city>, Sonnier, Bear, Scarritt, Tambellini, “Communicationsphere Group”, Galloway & Rabinowitz, Schneider, Yakult
On the Observation of Observation: between private and public space: Froese, Beirne, Watts/Behrman/Diamond, Muntadas, D´Agostino, Lowenberg, Hock, Scher, Sobell
Game Concepts and Learning Processes: W. Clarke, Veeder, Burson, Tannenbaum
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region>: on the generational shift: Snow, Cameron, Harding, Poier, Watt, Smith, Rokeby
Latin America: “Some More Beginnings” and the Brazilian Breakthough: Dias, Geiger, Parente, Silveira, Plaza, Aguilar, Garcia, Ramiro, Krotoszynski, Sukorski, Rejane Augusto, Laurentiz, Fadon Vicente, Kac, Matuck, Donasci, Franca
b) Europe
France : Forest, Ikam, Jaffrenou, Chevalier
Belgium : Ruptz, Lennep, Charlier, «Cirques Divers» (Develay, Minh, Orlan, Boushira, Miller, Snow, Sobell, Muntadas, Downsbrough, Nyst, Lechantre, Bijl, Dewale, Muyle, Nussbaum, Azelte, Allart, Wiese, Keen, Wasko, Herguera, (Tribout), Bigot, Matthijs, Francis, De Jaeger, Kerckhoven
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Netherlands</st1:country-region> : Hooykaas, Cárdenas, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Hoover</st1:place></st1:city>, Goulart, Vos, Van Stiphout, Spinhoven
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Austria</st1:place></st1:country-region> : Constructions of Reality, Collation of Data and Telecommunication: Weibel, Kriesche, Adrian, Mark, Tanterl, Ruprechter, Schnell
Germany: the generational shift: Vostell, Kahlen, Geißler/“VAM“, Römer/“NTV“, Gerz, Bernhardt, Odenbach, Hammann, Frenzel, Hutt, Klein, Klessinger, Hörl, Kubisch, Kracke, Günther, Kolb, Golf, Kiessling
A Stroll through the Rest of Western Europe: <st1:country-region w:st="on">Switzerland</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Portugal</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Great Britain</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Denmark</st1:country-region>: Minkoff, Olesen, Otth, Vogel, Hahn, Megert, Vieira, Pujol, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jerez</st1:place></st1:city>, Keane, Soeborg, “Golden Boys“, Schmidt-Olsen
Eastern Europe: on the painful journey out of isolation: Todosijevic, Abramovic, Ivekovic, Martinis, Trbuljak, A.N. Dragan, S. Dragan, Bódy, Gosov, Bruszewski, Paruzel, Zgraja; Mitropoulos
c) The Pacific (<st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region>)
Iimura, Yamamoto, Yamagochi, Imai, Harada, M. Kawaguchi, Iwai, Scott, Jones, Biggs, Gidney
3. The third decade (1990 – 2002)
a) <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States of America</st1:place></st1:country-region>
Collation and Checking/Supervision of Data: Beirne, Scher, Do. Hall, Diller & Scofidio, Rakatansky, Jeremijenko, Vesna, Garrin, Rokeby, S. Mann, Back, Tchalenko / Miall, Ditmars, Reas, Lyons, Naimark
Constructions of Reality I: models of reality, post-technological visions and psychological implications: Hershman, Oursler, Rosenzveig & Le Maitre, Barry, Crandall, K. Lucas, Pfeiffer, Lord, Wong
Constructions of Reality II: computer-aided media reflections and overlapping levels of real and virtual space: Rath, Cannon, Campbell, Rozin, O´Sullivan, Utterback, Holmes, Weil, Dodge, Yaar, Hoberman, Binkley, Grace, Brown, Winkler, Gillerman & Terry, Vivid Group, Keays, Mathieu, Steinkamp
Constructions of Reality III: models of reality as virtual reality: Rogala, Sandin, Dolinsky, Allen, Bestor, S.S. Fisher, Reiser
System models and behavioural blueprints: biological and circulatory systems, tele-robotics and “artificial intelligence”: Dannenberg, Brixey, Rinaldo, Youngs, W. Vasulka, Penny, Feingold, Wortzel, Goldberg, Paulos, SRL, ARW, Easterson, Reeves, Smith, “Art & Robotics Group”, Leonhardt, Morgan, Tenhaaf, O'Connell, Vorn / Demers, Slayton
<st1:place w:st="on">Latin America</st1:place> between low- and high-tech (I): “subject” - “object” relationship and constructions of reality: Domingues, Medeiros, Fragoso, Fraga, Prado, Rejane Cantoni, De Carvalho, Rogriguez, Bryce, Esquivel, Aguaitones / von Berner
<st1:place w:st="on">Latin America</st1:place> between low and high-tech (II): supervision, data collation and checking: Arango, Jezik, Lozano-Hemmer, Lopez, “Video dos at otras graficas“, Ruiz Gutierrez, Bambozzi, Saraiva, Romano
b) <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>
Data collation and checking: Baladi, Cahen, Boursier-Mougenot, Copers, Géronnez, Dietvorst, Blondeel, Bogers, De Jonge, Haagsma (I), Ashes, Schalken / Van Dinther, Klepsch, Mlecko, Mohné (I), Lahr, Zende, Verbeek, Kaufmann, Oswald, Ulrichs, Jerez, Collins, Bonde
“Subject” – “Object” : Bournigault, Maat, Karawahn, Klotz, Heinz- Hoeck, John, Human Control, ART+COM, Schemmert, Kessler, Möller, “Supreme Particles“, Baginsky, M. Fleischmann/W. Strauss, Prehn, Auer, Alido, Ciervo, Rist, Naranjo, Johnson, Beban / Horvatic, Petersen, Virkkala
Constructions of Reality I: overlapping levels of real and virtual space: <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Hoover</st1:place></st1:city>, Kooijmans, Pinkus, Frammartino, Roveda, “Giovanotti Mondani Meccanici“, Stones, Weibel, Schnell, Pamminger, Kiessling, Mohné (II), “Autopsi“
Constructions of Reality II: purpose-made models of reality: Köpnick, Hufschmid, Geelhaar, Peters, Johannsen, Steig, Sievers, Val, Moonen/Arndt, Signer, Rickli, “Elastic“, Offerman, Hoogeveen/Hermans, Van Ishoven, Stubbs Constructions of Reality III: further visualisation techniques, MR and VR immersion: Muench / Furukawa, Hakola, Damm, Thomsen, Schmitt, Desbazeille/Canto, Brown
Constructions of Reality IV: interactive narrative systems: Boissier, Benayoun, Nandi, B. Cohen, Biggs, Johannson, Fabricators, Gilardi, Bertrand
Telecommunication: Benayoun, <st1:place w:st="on">Forest</st1:place>, Foresta, Barron, Sermon, Keane, Aitiani, “Arslab“/Vaccarino/Prosdocimo/Punzo, Tozzi
Northern <st1:place w:st="on">East Europe</st1:place>: Isupov, Galeyev, Isaev, Fishkin, Viljus, Juurak, Keskküla, Koresaar/Laimre, Seputis, Ziura, J. & J. Vaitekunas
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Hungary</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Sugar, Peternak, Galántai, Hamos, Kiss Pál, Hegedüs
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Yugoslavia</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Macedonia</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Croatia</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Slovenia</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Todorovic, Andjelkovic, Naskovski, “Archimedijala”, Manevski, Avramovska, M. & K. Stojanovski, Martinis, Faktor,
Mezak, Leko, Poljak, Rogic, Marusic-Klif, Fritz, Dekovic, Mestrovic, Oki/Sterle, Stromajer, Simčič
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Rumania</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bulgaria</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Patatics, Perjovschi, Ujvarossy, Terzijev, Dourmana, Boyadijev
<st1:placename w:st="on">Czech</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Republic</st1:placetype>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Slovakia</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Poland</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Juzová, Smetana, Bielicki, Cermak, Ruller, Rónai, Rogala, Konopka, Wasilewski
c) The Pacific (<st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region>)
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>
“Subject” – “Object”: Iimura, Iwai, Y. Matsumoto/Towata, Moriwaki, Miyajima, Mase/Fels, Saito, “Video Artist Workshop“, Taki, Kawai, Himuro, Kasahara, Makida, Yonekawa, Umano
Constructions of Reality I: overlapping levels of real and virtual space: “Mission Invisible“, “Culture Matrix”, Ogata/Judge, Gabin
Constructions of Reality II: purpose-made models of reality and their media equivalents: Matsumura, Ryusuke, Y. Suzuki, Jeong, Matoba
Constructions of Reality IV: interactive narrative systems, game concepts and learning processes: Yamaguchi, T. Matsumoto, Fujihata, Tosa, Ishii, Goto, Hirano
Interaction and Tradition: Renga, robots, telecommunication: Nakamura/Anzai, Kihara/Otsui, Yamaguchi, Tosa, Yamanaka, Yamamoto, Eto, N. Suzuki/Kihara/Anzai/Sekiguchi, Ishizaki, Kataoka, Kouketsu/ Ishibashi, Uda, M. Tajiri, Fujimura/Ui
Australia: Shaw, Beaubois, Sanderson, Stelarc
III. CLOSED CIRCUIT VIDEO INSTALLATION: A THEORETICAL REVIEW
Prologue: on research specialisms in art and media theory
1. “Subject” – “Object” relationship
2. Constructions of reality
3. System models and behavioural blueprints
4. Game concepts and learning processes
5. Data collation and checking
6. Telecommunication
CONCLUDING REMARKS
1. The “materiality” of media
2. The “immateriality” of art: the “performative”
3. The “supremacy of appearances”: the false mirror
a) “Guardians of the Image”
b) Feedback as pseudo-argument
c) Ecstasy, rationality and reversibility: Apollo and Hermes
d) “Video Spheres” and Irreversibility
4. Closed-circuit as an “open system”: target concept – interaction
5. The history of media art: strategies and perspectives
DOCUMENTARY APPENDIX (DVD)
Catalogue
Literature and correspondence
URLs
